Synthetic polymers obtained from petrol causes air pollution only because they are not dismantled in soil for a long time. For this reason, a microbial plastic poly-β-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) has gained importance since it can be easily dismantled in nature. PHB is a widely distributed intracellular reserve substance typical of prokaryotes. PHB exists in the cytoplasmic fluid in the form of crystalline granules about 0.5 µm in diameter and can be isolated as native granules or by solvent extraction. The study aimed at screening of PHB producing strain and optimization of media parameters for increased PHB production by the strain. A Gram-negative Enterobacter aerogenes was identified as PHB producing strain by staining with Sudan Black B staining method. PHB production by this strain was dependent on nutrient limitation. Maltose was found to be best carbon source which gives 149 mg/L of PHB and ammonium nitrate was found to be best nitrogen source (187mg/L) for maximum PHB production. Glucose was used as a substrate and 2% glucose (146mg/L) was found to be best for PHB production. The best yield of PHB was obtained when incubated at 37˚C (193mg/L) with pH 7.0 (158mg/L) for 48 hours (185mg/L). Thus, the present data indicate that Enterobacter aerogenes gives best yield of PHB when incubated under optimized conditions.

By definition, pollution is the undesirable state of the natural environment being contaminated with harmful substances as a consequence of human activities. It has been mentioned that, Air, water and soil, the three major natural resources, have been found to be heavily contaminated with harmful substances throughout the world. For example, Air pollution comes from natural sources and human activities; these sources generate pollutants with different effects at global level or on individuals of plants and animals. It has been reported that the projected levels of air pollutants are critically alarming, and have become a major issue of concern for food security worldwide. So under such conditions, future work around the world will help provide new and much needed insight into the nature of the plant response to air pollutants and ways and means to help circumvent their deleterious effects. In general, it has been conclude that, it is quite clear that we will need proper engineering of crops to combat the emerging problem, and researches, analysis, and reviews on initial crop-pollutants interaction have pointed toward some important functional traits required while considering the next-generation crops.

The current study was conducted in North Kordofan State, in Jebel Eldair Mechanized farms, covering two consecutive cropping seasons (2007/08 and 2008/09). Was considered for mechanized farming system. The main objectives were to determine the optimum crop combination that maximizes small- holders' profitability in the area, to access food security status in terms of food intake and net income in the area. In order to estimate the contribution of different production factors to the variation of different crop yield in the area and to calculate the international competitiveness and comparative advantage for economic efficiency of resource allocation of different farming system for groundnuts, millet, sesame, sorghum, and other minor crops grown in the study area. The primary data were collected via structured questionnaire. A multi-stage random sampling technique was employed to select 120 householders. Linear programming (L.P), partial crop budget, robust regression, household economy approach (HEA) and policy analysis matrix (PAM) as empirical approaches were used. 0.648 and 2.886 feddan (one feddan = 0.42 ha.) of millet and sesame were grown, though a total of SDG 1097.122 as gross margin was obtained by the optimal solution. Partial crop budget results indicated that all crops gave positive net returns and the highest profit was 259 and SDG 322 attained by millet and sesame respectively. The households' income and food security situation was found to be positive and the weekly food intake for households was 2601 Kcal, due to, this area is food secured. Resource use indicated that, land, labor and capital for millet and sesame were positive and highly significant at ten and one percent level, however farm potentiality increased by 90.5 and 88%, respectively. The DRC and CIC results obtained in such respect revealed that sesame production in the area has a very high comparative advantage and international competitiveness, since the DRC ratio is far less than one (0.02) and the CIC is also less (SDG 0.03) , the CIC expresses that only SDG 0.03 is invested to gain one US$. The study concluded that food security in the area can be realized by following the optimum cropping combinations, mitigating factors affecting comparative advantages and competitiveness, allocating production resources efficiently and improving nutritional status of people by using recommended energy intake.

The addition of moringa, rice bran filtrates (1%) to the nucleopolyhedrovirus (SpliMNPV) of the cotton leaf worm Spodoptera littoralis (Bosid.) provided almost complete protection to the PIB’s following exposure to artificial UV irradiation (30 min) in laboratory test. This work focuses on testing inexpensive additives that may sustain effectiveness of virus biocontrol agent; green tea filtrates and cacao were used as comparative additives. Polyhedra inclusion bodies were mixed with these plant extracts at (1%, 5% and 10%) concentrations exposed to artificial UV in two steps as a thin film in Petri dishes. The different treatments of NPV suspension were bioassayed using neonate healthy larvae. The concentration of 1% of Moringa additive preserved the activity of polyhedral inclusion bodies after UV-exposure resulting in 93.24% mortality of larvae and it was 91.66%, 90.54% and 66.43% for rice bran, cacao and green tea respectively while it was the lowest (15.06%) with virus alone treatments (positive control) 5 hr post application, similar trend was recorded in the second step using the 5, 10 % concentrations 5 hr post application. The mixtures of baculovirus PIB’s and additives were measured with spectrophotometer under 400nm length before and 10 hr post application. The suspension absorbance at 400nm showed narrow differences with moringa followed by cacao, rice bran and green tea respectively. These findings indicate that these plant extracts could be promising UV protective additives for SpliMNPV and they should be further investigated in the field large scale to obtain the best formulation for the control of agriculture important insect pest.

The purpose of this study is to find the comparison of science performance among urban, suburban and rural areas’ Iranian eighth grades students. The participants in the study were 680 guidance school students, (317 male and 363 female, in the age 14 years old) at Tehran and Shahriar City, the province of Tehran, Iran. The research design was an ex-post facto and tested the alternative hypothesis. The students’ science performance which measured by the report school test was used to assess science performance. Descriptive statistics, and to compare urban, suburban and rural areas’ students in science performance ANOVA was used. The result demonstrated that, there is significant difference between.